Impact of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry Free Essays

Presentation The report will survey and assessing how deregulation and the development of ease bearers have influenced worldwide rivalry and market slants in the sorts of items offered to clients in air travel. The report will distinguish the key jobs of the minimal effort transporters and how they are influencing the worldwide rivalry and the market inclines by presenting their methods and strategies over the greater aircraft industry. It will likewise be seen in the report how the aircrafts have made considerable progress from the past till now and how the business is on a consistent change because of necessities and requests set up by the clients which as of now is being taken care of by the minimal effort transporters here and there. We will compose a custom exposition test on Effect of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now While air travel was at one time an extravagance just the rich could bear, the section of more carriers serving the busiest and most beneficial courses has made airfares plunge. A portion of the aircrafts that will be taken a gander at are Buzz, Go, Ryan Air, and Easy Jet. These are notable ease carriers. This report will take a gander at the promoting situations of the carrier business and will examine the fundamental powers molding its future. It will focus on the effect of minimal effort carriers on this industry. Fundamental The aircrafts are moderately new as a market driven industry. In 1938, the aircrafts confronted steep rivalry that was lively and precarious. The business approached the legislature for an administrative body to control rivalry. The recently framed CAB solidified the business structure and shutting out new firms, which wound up making restraining infrastructures. The business proceeded in this state in spite of development in rush hour gridlock, expanded benefits, and evolving conditions. The defining moment for the aircraft business started in the late 1970’s when the business expected to break liberated from its managed condition. New innovation and sufficient benefits made rivalry a reasonable choice. The outcome was the death of the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978. One of the enormous impacts of deregulation was the expansion in the quantity of bearers and expanded rivalry. In 1978, there were 43 transporters guaranteed for planned help with enormous airplane. By 1983, there were more than 60 new transporters since the demonstration was passed. With the huge number of new carriers, the aircraft business had the option to arrive at new markets and develop enormously. Joined with the value drops, air travel turned into an increasingly positive approach to travel. Today there are no nearby substitutes for movement more than 150 miles. Anyway the pattern of an attack of aircrafts in the long run transformed into numerous mergers, acquisitions, and liquidations in the late-1980s to mid 1990s (see Figure 1) Still observed today, another impact of deregulation is the advancement of the â€Å"hub-and-spoke† arrange. The significant carriers built up this system to effectively oversee and serve more markets with a similar armada of planes. Another favorable position of the â€Å"hub-and-spoke† organize is that aircrafts will convey the explorer from takeoff city to appearance city and not need to hand over clients to contending transporters. Explorers appreciated going with one aircraft however an additional stop was required. A promoting advancement that aircrafts started after deregulation was the long standing customer program. Rehash clients earned focuses toward free tickets or redesigns. This program created reliability past assistance and fulfillment with explorers. As of late, the long standing customer program stretches out past accepting focuses for flying. The most famous is the utilization of charge cards (focuses per pounds/dollars) and utilizing focuses to buy things other than carrier tickets. A mechanical development in the business accompanied the presentation of PC reservation frameworks (CRS). This permitted carriers to monitor passage and administration changes. The frameworks permit specialists to process a large number of reservations daily. Today these exchanges have essentially expanded and with the presentation of the Internet re-imagined how voyagers shop, buy, and get tickets. As indicated by Geneva News article minimal effort bearers found not only the travel industry to assist it with setting up it self in movement. They discovered that what could start as a vacationer course might be immediately received by specialists. This implying the minimal effort carriers likewise are utilized by business. So the organizations additionally get some business in any event, during the slow times of year. These aircrafts help offer a modest method to have the option to get to the business places, authentic region, and Interesting urban areas. We see in Belobaba (2003) report that Easy Jet, Europe’s driving minimal effort aircraft. Presently what helped it become such a major name in ease air go in EuropeGoing to Easy Jets site, they endeavor to clarify how they work. It very well may be seen that they separated it into three things to make them a minimal effort aircrafts; The main thing is it is a ticket less carrier, this cuts cost of paper and printing. The f ollowing thing they do is proficient utilization of air terminals; this implies Easy Jet can capitalize on now is the right time. Simple Jet additionally made a couple of manages air terminals cutting landing expenses. The exact opposite thing Easy Jet has done to make its aircraft so minimal effort is there’s nothing of the sort as a free lunch. This aides as it cut expenses of food, and may enable the aircrafts to win cash on the food they sell. In Belobaba (2003) report we see the U.S. circumstance with aircrafts. The report begins discussing the 11/09/01 occurrence. Were after the assaults on the twin pinnacle, the entire thing had adversely influenced the volume of business travel and 12.5% lower than in the first year. The report continues discussing the development of minimal effort aircrafts. Diminished ability with respect to business voyagers and vacationer to pay the higher airfares charged by arrange bearers. Additionally some fascinating focuses with regards to the report are. â€Å"In the US, low-passage aircrafts have displayed moderate yet consistent development since deregulation, yet low-charge bearers as a gathering represented under 7% of US household air travelers in 1991, contrasted with 81% by Major system transporters [The staying 12% was conveyed by littler provincial and nearby carriers]. Low-admission bearers developed all the more quickly in the US through the 1990s, to the point that the conveyed 20% of all US residential travelers as a gathering in 2002.† To take a gander at an increasingly world part of the travel industry we see in Christianto (2003) article that in 2000, there were 7.58 million travelers, yet the number expanded to 8.27 million of every 2001 and to 8.96 million out of 2002. Additionally as per the article the figures are relied upon to arrive at 10.34 million in the coming years. It continues discussing the value war. A war between the more high class enormous Airlines, and a considerable lot of the carriers that offer less expensive tickets. In this war they are attempting to set a story cost were carriers may not go under this cost. This is because of the high quantities of travelers going to ease carriers to travel. We are beginning to see that with these minimal effort carriers the greater aircrafts are having issues clutching their clients. Presently there are aircraft organizations that are compelled to bring down their cost to rival these minimal effort carriers. We consider British to be as one of those organizations. English aviation routes have as of late propelled a progression of modest flights. Later on there is a major chance that all these huge carriers should bring down their costs significantly. As theories minimal effort carriers appear to be removing all the potential customers from these large aircrafts. There is likewise too state that these enormous aircrafts are clutching their travelers for significant distance voyages. As these aircrafts are increasingly agreeable and further developed the explorers like them more. As though you need to spend quite a while in a plane you would pick the best circumstance. There are just a couple of minimal effort aircrafts that are set up. The quantity of aircrafts as a rule isn’t excessively high. We find in the U.S. for minimal effort aircrafts you have just a few. As it’s about the equivalent for Europe as we see carriers like Easy Jet, Ryan Air, Go, Buzz and just a couple of others. With respect to different zones it was elusive data on modest carriers. Europe appears to huge the greatest purpose of ease carriers. In Christianto (2003) report its indicated that movement between Europe has been seeing some genuine development. This by itself shows that with minimal effort carrier, there comes more the travel industry. There is additionally to state that in Europe it is helpful for individuals to move around for business and travel. The primary fruitful minimal effort transporter is commonly recognized to be Southwest Airlines in the United States, which spearheaded the idea when established in 1971 and has been gainful consistently since 1973. With the coming of flying deregulation the model spread to Europe too, the most striking victories being Ireland’s Ryan air, which started low-admissions activities in 1991, and simple Jet, shaped in 1995. Starting at 2004, minimal effort transporters are currently edging into Asia, drove by administrators, for example, Malaysia‘s Air Asia. Numerous bearers have selected to dispatch their own no-barbecues aircrafts, for example, KLM’s Buzz and British Airways Go, yet have thought that it was hard to abstain from ripping apart their center business. The European carrier industry is being stirred up by the nearness of minimal effort aircrafts. It is assessed that current minimal effort aircrafts has extended their European piece of the overall industry from 5% in 2000 to 25% by 2010, as showed in figure 7, setting up themselves on a drawn out premise which will effectsly affect the European carrier industry all in all The ease carrier’s aircraft industry is hugy affecting the worldwide aircraft industry. The table underneath features how the market is moving to another plan of action: client conduct is changing Customers anticipate that web should give most minimal conceivable value offer Price becomes unequivocal factor:†Destination isn't! â�

Food Tests Lab Report

Food Test 1: Test for Glucose †with Benedicts arrangement Benedicts arrangement is utilized to test for straightforward sugars, for example, glucose. It is an away from arrangement of sodium and copper salts. In nearness of basic sugars, the blue arrangement changes shading to either green, yellow or block red, contingent upon the measure of sugar. Strategy 1)Mix smalls measure of every food test (I. e. , Egg lumen, round and hollow bit of potato tuber, bread crump and crisps) in various test tubes with refined water to make a fluid test.Take another test tube with glucose answer for go about as a control in order to look at the distinction in shading after the fulfillment of the analysis. 2)Label every one of the test tubes with a marker for the substance. 3)Add 10 drops of Benedict's answer for each test tube. 4)Carefully warmth the test tubes by suspending in a high temp water shower utilizing a 500 ml measuring glass at around 40-50 degrees Celsius for five minutes. 5)Note a ny shading change. Positive test for Glucose: If sugar is available arrangement will abandon blue to green, yellow, or block red, contingent upon sugar focus. A green encourage implies a little glucose was available. ?A red encourage implies glucose is available in huge sums. Food Test 2: Test for Starch †with Iodine arrangement. Iodine arrangement is utilized to recognize the nearness of starch-a mind boggling sugar. Iodine arrangement (potassium iodide arrangement) responds with amylase †a kind of starch †whereby a blue-dark polyiodide complex is shaped. Strategy 1)Mix smalls measure of every food tests (I. e. , Egg lumen, tube shaped bit of potato tuber, bread crump and crisps) in various test tubes with refined water to make a fluid test.Take another test tube with starch answer for go about as a control to look at the distinction in shading after the consummation of the analysis. 2)Label each test tube with a marker for the substance. 3)Add 5 drops of iodine reag ent answer for each test tube. 4)Note any shading change. Positive Test for Starch: The block red arrangement of iodine goes to blue-dark. Food Test 3: Test for Protein †with Biuret arrangement Biuret arrangement is utilized to recognize the nearness of protein. All the more precisely, it identifies the nearness of peptide bonds. Peptide bonds structure a violet chelate complex with copper (II) particles present in the Biuret Reagent.Method 1)Mix smalls measure of every food tests (I. e. , Egg lumen, round and hollow bit of potato tuber, bread crump and crisps) in various test tubes with refined water to make a fluid test. Step through another exam tube with protein answer for go about as a control to look at the distinction in shading after the culmination of the examination. 2)Label each test tube with a marker for the substance. 3)Add 5 drops of Biuret reagent answer for each test tube. Shake tenderly to blend. 4)Note any shading change. Positive test for proteins: the arran gement will abandon blue to pink/purple. Food Test 4: Test for Lipids †the ethanol emulsion test.Ethanol decides the nearness of lipids †I. e. , fats and oils. The solubilities of lipid in ethanol and water are abused in this test since lipids are solvent in ethanol however not in water. In this way, if lipids are available a smooth/shady white suspension is shaped. Strategy 1)Add all extraordinary food tests (I. e. , Egg lumen, tube shaped bit of potato tuber, bread crump and crisps) in various test tubes. Likewise, step through another examination tube with Vegetable oil to go about as a control to analyze the distinction in emulsion of the lipids after the fulfillment of the investigation. 2)Label each test tube with a marker for the substance. )Add 5cm3 of ethanol to each test tube. Shake the example with ethanol. 4)Pour some virus water into this blend in the test tube. 5)Note whether the various arrangements become shady to demonstrate the nearness of lipid Positive test for lipid: The arrangement changes into an overcast white emulsion because of the suspension framed. End and Evaluation (CE) Conclusion This test uncovers the shrouded fats, sugars, proteins and starch in food things. Mixes, for example, sugars and fats are available in living things. Despite the fact that the food tests being tried had more than one compound present I. . , egg lumen contains starch, proteins and lipids; Potato tuber contains starch, glucose and lipids; Bread contains starch, glucose and slight lipids; and crisps contain starch, glucose and lipids. Subsequently, extraordinary food tests have various mixes present. Assessment ?Limitations I. The time the test tubes were kept in the water shower was not precise. ii. The volume of food tests contrast in each test tube for a similar test. ?Enhancements I. By utilizing a stop watch for increasingly precise planning. ii. Set a fixed volume of food tests in each test tube.

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The Political Theology Of The Spanish State - 959 Words

conversion to the political theology of the Spanish State. We argued that the articulation of forced conversion as a paramount goal of the State’s ontological aspirations relies upon a misunderstanding apropos of the alleged divine performativity of the Law. We then moved to The Turn and analysed the literary sublimation that Cervantes operates in Don Quixote I-II apropos of the aforementioned political reality. In particular, we focused on the way Cervantes’s ingenium relies upon the trope of conversion (literary sense) and on how its deployment helped Cervantes circumvent the inquisitorial censorship while suspending the reader’s belief in the State’s ontological tendency (and by extension, in forced conversion as the crowning policy of that ambition). As part of this task, we analyzed a multiplicity of semantic (featuring a symbolism linked to the countryside, the military, the economic, the religious, the political, the professional fields, to name but a few) and non-semantic displacements (related to the materiality of language as such) across forms (novel and theatre, but also poetry) and genres (epic, comedy, tragedy, tragicomedy, realistic fiction, romance and satire)iv. After The Pledge and The Turn it is now time for us to ask ourselves the following question: for all this string of ecstatic conversions, wherein, though, resides The Prestige of Cervantes as instantiated in Don Quixote Parts I-II? Chapter LXIV of the second part proves momentous with regard to thisShow MoreRelatedLiberation Theology And The Cultural Destruction Of Third World Countries927 Words   |  4 Pagesof third world countries, liberation theology is a method of Catholic teaching in which people are liberated from their oppressors. 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Sex Sells Video Games and Insecurity - 1135 Words

As I continued on to the next level, I encountered an elderly bee, who had one last dying wish--A wish that I would soon fulfill. Oh, sweet pollination. It is the only way to make honey, and the only way for me to move on to the next level. I must help him. However, the elderly bee only wanted to pollinate one specific flower, the sunflower with the big breasts. The sunflower was unwilling to corporate. Then, as I walked away, I encountered a swarm of bees, who only had one objective, to tickle. A lit light bulb then appeared above my head. I had an epiphany. I gathered all of the tickling bees, and forced them to tickle the sunflower with the big breasts, thus exposing her breast, and allowing the elderly bee to pollinate her. The†¦show more content†¦Carrie Reinhard asserts that women do not feel comfortable playing as hypersexualized female protagonists in video games, because the video game industry provides characters modeling a body they cannot achieve, more an object for the male gaze than female empowerment (Reinhard. 6).Personally, seeing the sunflower with the big breasts did not encourage me to feel empowered. I felt weak and insecure because of the stereotypes of women that are illuminated within video games. Video games represent women as a typical damsel in distress, whereas men are viewed as the hero (Brenick et. al. 3). Although, providing female protagonists in video games were supposed to appeal to more women, it subsequently discouraged women from playing video games. Video games do not only hypersexualize women. 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Organizational Developement Free Essays

This is a very important concept in effective consulting because hen we are aware of our involvement in the organization, it’s allows the consultant to see in which level are the people, how can we do to improve certain things, how they use to work. It’s allows the consultant to find a solution to some problems. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Developement or any similar topic only for you Order Now If people are smart, why do they need to learn how to learn? What does Argyles mean by that? By that Arises means that even If people are very smart they need to learn how to learn. In the text Arises said that:† They rarely experience failure† and since they are almost always successful, they don’t know how to handle failure the day when it’s arrive. This Is call â€Å"single loop learning’. He also explains that people don’t see that they can Improve their learning by use the concept call â€Å"Double loop learning†. This concept speak about how to allow us to think about how and why a person acting. 3. What is the difference between process and content? What is your comfort as a consultant working on the process level? On the content level? How strong are your process skills? How do you know? What are your â€Å"content† specialty areas? I. E. , where could you, as a consultant, add content value In organizational decision making? ) And should you? A process can be define as Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at every stage, consume one or more resources (employee, time, energy, machines, money) to convert inputs (data, material, parts, etc. ) into outputs. These outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage until a known goal or end result Is reached. A concept can be defined as something which must be done a purpose to accomplish; this Is what composes the process. I think I would be stronger on the process level. I know that because I’m the member of a Hip Hop band that I have created, and I know that when we have something to do for example a music to perform or to record, I know exactly what to do and what I need to say in order that the other members of the band did what they have to do, I think that regarding to my study my content specialty area will be the marketing and the management part 4. How could/would a successful change agent apply Chain’s model to his/her work? But there was a lot of people this year so they couldn’t allow everybody to participate and all the persons who were in internship like me had not the right to go to this special day. * Egocentric dilemma: In one of my last internship I was working with a manager who was really egocentric and all the time when I try to propose him some news things he was changing my proposition with one of him and say to me it was because he has more experience than me. How to cite Organizational Developement, Papers

Reasoning and Analysis Paper Assignmentâ€Cms 11, Sec. 8531 Essay Example

Reasoning and Analysis Paper Assignment—Cms 11, Sec. 8531 Paper Message body Reasoning and Analysis Paper Assignment—CMS 11, Sec. 8531 This assignment is a reasoning and analysis paper. What you have to do is to select one of the two movies listed below, and then develop a paper in which you analyze how both the halo effect (or the reverse halo effect) and the thesis expressed in Prof. Comila Shahani-Denning’s article are reflected in the movie. Be aware that the halo effect is not always about physical appearance. Also, although the halo effect and Shahani-Denning’s thesis may seem similar, they are not identical and should not be treated as one idea in your paper. What You Have to Do Prepare for this Assignment 1. Read the following article: Shahani-Denning, Comila. â€Å"Physical Attractiveness Bias in Hiring: What is Beautiful is Good. † Hofstra Horizons (Spring 2003): 15-18. (note: I found this article by googling the title. ) 2. Watch The Devil Wears Prada (2006) or Broadcast News (1987). 3. Write a 3/12 to 4 page paper (plus a works cited page; Times New Roman, 12 point font; double spaced) in which you answer the following question: How do the halo effect (or the reverse halo effect) and Shahani-Denning’s thesis apply to the assumptions and behaviors of the characters in the film as well as to your personal experience or to today’s popular culture? A good paper will accomplish all of the following (although not necessarily in the order listed): 1. Correctly identify the assigned article’s thesis and provide a concise, effective summary of the article that cites two or more supporting examples from the article. (Note: this may take you approximately one page); be sure to include in-text citations in MLA when you cite the article in your paper. . Explain how the article’s thesis relates to the movie. (Note be very specific when you relate the article’s thesis to the movie; use specific examples from the movie; be sure to cite the movie in your paper using MLA format, as well). 3. Explain what the halo effect (or the reverse halo effect) is and how it affects perception. (Note: yo u may use the definition from your textbook for the halo effect; be sure to cite your text if you do—this applies whether to use a direct quotation or paraphrase what the text says). 4. Explain how the halo effect (or the reverse halo effect) is depicted in the film. Again, be specific; each example needs to be described and cited). 5. Explain how the halo effect or Shahani-Denning’s thesis relates to a personal experience or to popular culture. (Note: popular culture means anything that has a wide popular appeal; forms of entertainment such as popular tv shows, music media, even the evening news are all part of the popular culture in the US). 6. Follow MLA guidelines for paper format and citation format (including in-text citations and a final works cited page). The final draft is due Saturday, Dec. rd (The weekend following the Thanksgiving break). Please Note: Late papers will not be accepted. Why are you doing this? This assignment will help you to learn how to app ly a concept learned in class to your own life and society as well as to assimilate and synthesize information from a variety of sources. Your paper will be marked using the Departmental Scoring Rubric (this will be looked at in class). All papers will be uploaded to Turnitin. com to be screened for plagiarism (similarity report). Papers that are not submitted will not be graded. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasoning and Analysis Paper Assignment—Cms 11, Sec. 8531 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reasoning and Analysis Paper Assignment—Cms 11, Sec. 8531 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reasoning and Analysis Paper Assignment—Cms 11, Sec. 8531 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Social Change Project

Our group wanted to do something Different, we didn’t just want to institute something that our company â€Å"has† to do once a year to feel more a part of it’s community, to pay its dues so to speak. We wanted to help change the company from the inside out and make it a place that we would enjoy working ourselves. A business that becomes a better part of its community; through the treatment of its employees and clients. . (Utilitarianism pg.6, greatest good for the greatest number of people) We proposed to do so by instituting an ethical understanding among employees at a small business. To find out what they individually consider to be ethical, and to get everyone on the â€Å"same page† as far as ethics are concerned. Our idea originated in the fact that, large companies do something to assure that they’re employees all know and share common ethical guidelines; while small business seems to do nothing of he sort (for the most part). Large companies are known to give out employee handbooks. The handbook usually contains the ethical backbone produced and instituted by the company. UTC (United Technology Corporation) gives out a 24-page brochure about ethics that includes real world examples. With smaller businesses, the atmosphere tends to be a great deal more relaxed and comfortable. There are less people in the company, so seemingly less effort needs to be taken to keep everyone operating on the same level. (Utilitarianism pg.6 greatest good†¦. where as in a big company it's harder to achieve this goal) However, it seems to us that not having a shared ethics understanding is a lot like not having a shared vision statement. With AMC transfer, we decided to survey all employees in their head office, just to get an understanding of everyone's basic individual views on business ethics; and to see how their views varied from person to person. Our goal was not to take theses results and teach everyone proper business ethics as... Free Essays on Social Change Project Free Essays on Social Change Project Our group wanted to do something Different, we didn’t just want to institute something that our company â€Å"has† to do once a year to feel more a part of it’s community, to pay its dues so to speak. We wanted to help change the company from the inside out and make it a place that we would enjoy working ourselves. A business that becomes a better part of its community; through the treatment of its employees and clients. . (Utilitarianism pg.6, greatest good for the greatest number of people) We proposed to do so by instituting an ethical understanding among employees at a small business. To find out what they individually consider to be ethical, and to get everyone on the â€Å"same page† as far as ethics are concerned. Our idea originated in the fact that, large companies do something to assure that they’re employees all know and share common ethical guidelines; while small business seems to do nothing of he sort (for the most part). Large companies are known to give out employee handbooks. The handbook usually contains the ethical backbone produced and instituted by the company. UTC (United Technology Corporation) gives out a 24-page brochure about ethics that includes real world examples. With smaller businesses, the atmosphere tends to be a great deal more relaxed and comfortable. There are less people in the company, so seemingly less effort needs to be taken to keep everyone operating on the same level. (Utilitarianism pg.6 greatest good†¦. where as in a big company it's harder to achieve this goal) However, it seems to us that not having a shared ethics understanding is a lot like not having a shared vision statement. With AMC transfer, we decided to survey all employees in their head office, just to get an understanding of everyone's basic individual views on business ethics; and to see how their views varied from person to person. Our goal was not to take theses results and teach everyone proper business ethics as...

Free sample - BOCHK Risk Management and Financial Performance. translation missing

BOCHK Risk Management and Financial Performance. BOCHK Risk Management and Financial PerformanceBank of China (Hong Kong) Limited (BOCHK) The Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited (BOCHK) is among the largest commercial banking groups in Hong Kong. The Bank has over 300 branches. Despite the Bank’s magnitude and systemic risk management, it witnessed a decline in operational income and suffered a negative shock in 2008. Thus, it is critical to analyze the Company’s risk management policies, the measurement and management risk, and comparing the 2008 results with the previous year’s results. The annual comparisons will utilize the Company’s calculated ROE, and will be critical in understanding the Bank’s performance relative to the earlier periods.  Ã‚  Ã‚   I. Overall Risk Management The Bank for International Settlements (2004) provides guidelines for conducting interest risk management. Additionally, it provides the measures that can be used in managing the overall risk to a financial institution. The analysis of BOCHK will be based on the standards provided in the above book. The aim of the analysis will be to determine whether, the company adheres to the international standards of risk management. BOCHK’s 2008 report indicates that BOCHK’s risk-management governance structure is structured to cover the entire operations of the business. The Bank adopts a swift and prudent manner in managing its various risk exposures. The risk management structure meets the standards stipulated by BIS. Initially, the report indicates that to align the management strategies with the corporate strategies the Chief Risk Officer (CFO) reports directly to the Risk Committee and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). CFO’s responsibilities are to ensure the proper implementation of policies and procedures and oversee the effective management and control of risk. The Bank publishes reports on a regular basis; this guarantees a timely assessment of the effectiveness of the risk control strategies. The determination of the effectiveness of the risk control measures lies with the Board of Directors. Additionally, the independent operation between the business units and the risk assessme nt units complies with the principle of segregation of duties. Independence is both sufficient and necessary for risk management (Khambata , Dara 2006). However, BIS requires that risk control functions report directly to the Board of Directors. Otherwise, there is a risk that the CRO and CEOmay conspire to fake the risk management reports; this would impair the objectivity of the risk management system. Secondly, BOCHK’s principal banking subsidiaries Nanyang and Chiyu, execute their risk management strategies independently. They adopt similar risk management strategies with their parent company and report to BOCHK’s management on a regular basis. Additionally, the company’s 2004 report indicates that the Bank utilizes stress testing. Stress testing is a risk management tool used in estimating risk exposure under stressed conditions, which arise from extreme but plausible macroeconomic conditions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bank’s information systems are well established to provide timely reports within different levels of management. The CRO stipulates specific procedures concerning the promotion of new products and activities. In addition, BOCHK prudently enacts and administers operating limits so that risk exposures are consistent with internal policies. However, the mere existence of risk management mechanisms does not guarantee sufficiency or effectiveness. Enforcement of risk control policies should be applied to ensure an efficient risk management system. II. Measurement and Management of Credit Risk According to note 4 of BOCHK’s 2008 financial statements, BOCHK manages two broad classes of assets: loans and advances, and debt securities and derivatives. The Company’s overall assets exposure to credit risk in 2008 was HK$1,364,462 million. This figure includes HK$1,111,073 million on-balance-sheet exposures and HK$253,389 million off-balance-sheet exposures. To safeguard its corporate interest, BOCHK should manage the credit risk that is related to these assets in a prudent manner, especially during a financial crisis. This part of the report will investigate how BOCHK measures and manages credit risk of these assets. To minimize the credit risk BOCHK adopted credit approval policies and procedures (BOCHK, 2008). These measures are evaluated and updated by the risk management department and other relevant departments. Regarding the loans and advances, BOCHK adopts different credit control procedures and credit grading systems depending on the level of risk exposure to the customers. Additionally, the Company utilizes bank scorecard for financial institutions, credit-scoring system for retail credit transactions, and small business credit scorecard for small firms. BOCHK identifies credit concentration risk by industry, customer, geographically, and counterparty risk. For instance, the Bank’s â€Å"classified or impaired† advances are HK$1,792 million in Hong Kong, HK$323 million in Mainland China, and HK$23 million elsewhere. Besides, loans and advances are classified in five categories to improve the Bank’s ability to identify and assess credit risk: â€Å"pass,† †Å"special mention,† â€Å"substandard,† â€Å"doubtable,† and â€Å"loss.† For example, the total assets marked as substandard or below the high-risk category, accounted for 0.08% (HK$379 million). As for debt securities and securitized assets, the 2008 report indicates that BOCHK adopts external credit rating systems, such as Moody’s, to manage the Bank’s credit risk. Moody’s ratings for 2008 showed that 19.34% of BOCHK’s debt securities rated as â€Å"AAA† compared to 2.36% â€Å"lower than A3† debt securities. Particularly, BOCHK applied a comprehensive methodology to establish whether a certain asset/mortgage backed security, (ABS/MBS) is impaired. This was determined based on such factors as the mark-to-market price, external rating, and delinquencies. In addition to these factors, ABS/MBS are further required to pass the credit enhancement coverage ratio set by BOCHK. To manage credit risk in a dynamic market environment, the Bank has established policies, procedures, and appropriate credit risk limits. The corporate organization structure should define a clear line of authority and responsibility for supervising compliance with relevant rules (Khambata , Dara 2006). BOCHK’s Credit Risk Assessment Committee takes charge of assessing all credit-scoring facilities and reviewing reports submitted by risk management units independently. In addition, Khambata , Dara (2006) argue that collateral is another key element to manage credit risk. An independent appraiser determines the value of collateral for acquiring a new loan. Thus, the value of collateralized loans is determined based on the loan-to-value ratio limits. Additionally, BOCHK revalues and manages its collaterals periodically. BOCHK documents the acceptance criteria, the validity of collateral, and the revaluation of collateral on a regular basis. This is done to watch the status of co llateral. III. Financial Performance Comparison According to the 2008 reports, BOCHK’s ROA and ROE were 0.26% and 3.56% in 2008, and 1.48% and 16.64% in 2007 respectively. Additionally, BOCHK’s Profit Margin declined in 2008 to 5.97% compared to 24.24% in 2007. These were substantial declines within a year; they were attributed to the increase in impairment charges on the US non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities and other securities investment. Furthermore, a significant increase in Provision for loan losses/Total operating income from 2.22% to 24.95% and a dramatic decline in the investment-related commission income produced a negative impact on the Company’s profit in 2008. The sluggish investment environment that resulted from the global financial crisis led to increments in the provision for loan losses. As customers steered clear from the investment products, the investment, and insurance fee income decreased by 34.3% to HK$2,964 million. Note 12 shows that the net charge of impairment allowances increased from HK$1,448 in 2007 to HK$ 12, 573 in 2008. Despite the bleak financial environment, the ineffective credit risk management was still to blame for the sudden increase in loan impairment losses. From the perspective of overall risk management, it can be suggested that BOCHK should undertake more strict stress testing measures and scenario analysis to predict the sensitivity of risk factors with various degrees of severity. References Bank for International Settlements. (2004). Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in 2004. BOCHK. (2008). Financial Report 2008. Khambata, M., Dara, Y. (2006). The Performance of Multinational Banking: Macro-Policy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Issues and Key International Concepts. (2nd ed.). New York: Quorum Books.

Video response on training day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video response on training day - Essay Example cer does.† Alonzo does not manifest respect for the law and justifies his unethical behavior by stating â€Å"police can do whatever they want.† Alonzo manifest minimal obligation to the constitution since the laws derives from the constitution, which is the supreme law. The paper explores the film relative to the ethical framework of relativism and legal moralism. Ethical relativism infers the theory that asserts that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture, meaning that whether an action is right or wrong hinges on the prevailing moral norms within the society (Banks, 2004). The definition of Alonzo’s concept of Street Justice takes the view that is not worth dealing with petty crimes, which entail drug sales and crack addicts. He continues that, his mandate entail dealing with the â€Å"big fish† rather than the â€Å"maggots on the street.† In line with this observation, street justice represents a brand of outlaw behavior embodying taking the law into a person’s own hands, whether the decision arise out of frustration, madness, rage, or an authentic belief that this is the right thing to do (Banks, 2004). Defenders of legal moralism assert that governments also manifest an unchained right to enforce harmless immoralities. Nevertheless, all governments can utilize their coercive power to prevent individuals from engaging in diverse harmless activities that perceived as immoral. It is evident in the film that Alonzo values the informal norms of his department that sanction corruption, street justice, and police misconduct. Alonzo is of the view that his decisions are supreme that he can be the law (Pollock, 2010). Street justice is linked to handling deviant behavior by circumventing the provisions dictated by the criminal justice system, whereby justice viewed as swift and the punishment rendered suits the crime committed. As such, revenge is frequently related to this concept; instead of depending on the police and the government/federal

Communication Methods in the Organizations Essay

Communication Methods in the Organizations - Essay Example An advantage of this mode of communication is that the response from either party in the conversation is instant and one which expresses their feelings better. However, the downside of it is that the method may not be effective where a lot of people are involved, for example, a large-sized organization. Meetings involve a group of people who exchange ideas in a collective fashion where the leaders (management) outlines the topic and direction whereas the participants are allowed to air their views and opinions thereafter. An advantage of this type of communication is that it allows more collaboration and inclusion of better ideas. This is because the involvement of employees provides them with a platform to contribute their ideas which are essential in formulating a better strategy. However, a disadvantage of meetings is that they tend to waste a lot of valuable time, especially where a large number of competing voices are involved. Memos are usually short forms of communication used in a majority of companies today. Typically, memos are used when the management aims to make announcements regarding events or other activities expected to take place within the organization. An advantage of using memo is that they help to relay the information in a simple, straightforward and precise fashion. This helps to save a lot of valuable time for both the management and employees. A disadvantage of memos, however, is that they lack the scope to provide detailed information and thus they could be a source of confusion if the information provided is not very clear. The use of emails has grown in popularity in the recent past as one of the crucial forms of communication in organizations. The main advantage of using emails is that they are low-costing compared to other forms such as the telephone and postage. However, a disadvantage of using emails is that it might not be an appropriate method for communicating with employees who have little knowledge.

Narketing in the Digital Age :: essays research papers

Marketing In The Digital Age ANSWERS Be sure to answer all parts of each question. Be sure to use complete sentences whenever appropriate. Good Luck! 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What were the four major forces that shaped the digital age? Digitalized and Connectivity Internet Explosion New type of Intermediaries Customization and Customerization 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the four major e-commerce domains? Business to Consumer Business to Business Consumer to Consumer Consumer to Business 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Define internet, intranet and extranet Internet: A vast public web of computer networks, which connect users off all types   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around the world to each other and to an amazingly large information repository. Intranet: A network that connects people within a company to each other and to the Company network. Extranet: A network that connects a company with it’s suppliers and distributors. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss the benefits of integrating online selling with in-store selling (use examples). For example the store Game Stop and Game Stop dot com. They have an advantage on both territories and they broaden the customer base, by being available and online. You can afford to discount more sometimes online, to keep the customer shopping, and the company can make the customer service base open both online and in person, no matter how you bought the product. Also if you there was a problem with the product, you can physically take it back to the store and they can return or exchange. So the benefits are great, because the company has both markets at it’s advantage. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E-commerce and the Internet bring many benefits to both buyers and sellers alike. Briefly discuss the benefits to both buyers and sellers. For buyers they might get the opportunity to by a mass quantity at a low price and it can keep a company’s overhead down. For a buyer, to me the main element is convenience, because you do not have to go to the actual store, you tend to get online discounts that is not available in store, and you have a better chance in obtaining your product, because you can possibly be obtaining it directly from the company. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss the differences between click-only companies and click-and-mortar e-marketers. Click-only companies are online only, but a click- and-mortar has both Brick and Mortar and has added an e-commerce to the company. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Define viral marketing. What is the link between viral marketing and word-of-mouth communication? Discuss the benefits of viral marketing. Viral Marketing is the internets version of word of mouth. Vial marketing involves creating an email or another marketing plan that is so infectious that it makes a person want to forward it.

Puritan Women

Rights for women In the Puritan community were very scarce. The women lacked rights because men were seen as superior to them. Even though men were the ultimate leaders of the Puritan community, women still played a vital role throughout their society. With the limited rights women possessed, they impacted the Puritan community in many ways. Puritan women had little to no rights back then; however, they did play an important role in the Puritan society through their everyday duties/ oleos, marriage, and religion.The duties and roles of the Puritan women differed from that of their husband's. In the patriarchal lifestyle, where men were the head of the household, women transferred subordination from their father to their husband (Themes and Variations In Men's and Women's Roles In Colonial America). Women were not to challenge men, have a temper, or be Insubordinate to their husbands. Even though It was a patriarchy, husbands soul entrusted the women with a wide range of practical res ponsibilities and viewed them as â€Å"deputy husbands† (Religion, Women, and the Family in Early America).As a housewife, they were expected to fulfill various duties throughout the day. The major duties were made up of food and clothing production, childbearing, the health of the family, and child-rearing. Being a mother was the most important role for a Puritan woman. As a mother, women had direct authority over their children. It was the Puritan women's responsibility to bring up the children of their society correctly. Religious piety, manners, discipline, and affection were a few of the many things that the women taught their children Childbirth and Motherhood).Through the act of child-rearing, women were able to gain social status based on their skill. Under a patriarchy, the Puritan women were still able to obtain and uphold particular rights. The deferent tasks that the women were expected to perform set them apart from the role of Puritan males. The privileges withi n marriage were different for women than they were for men. With marriage, harsh consequences followed along for the women. The legal person's of women were completely subsumed under their husband's identity (Westerners 4).Puritan women literally became the property of their husbands. Wealth was a major determinant in marriage. It was easier to marry off a woman with wealth because Puritan men were eager to marry for money. Without a great deal of dowry, women were not seen as desirable in the eyes of the men. In marriage, the severity of punishments for women was worse than the punishments for men. In the Puritan community, the act of adultery could be brought to court. If women were brought to court by their husbands on a charge of adultery they could be sentenced to the death penalty (Female Discontent).Hester Prone Is a prime example for how the courts treated women In the Puritan society. The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, descriptively describes one of the Puritan's c ourt orders for adultery. The the pillory platform, and then and thereafter, for the remainder of her life to wear a â€Å"mark of shame† upon her chest (Hawthorne 54). Even though men and women had incomparable rights in marriage, some common ground was trying to be attained. Religion encouraged affection, monogamy, and friendship within marriage (Marriage).The women of the Puritan community were viewed in a patriarchal manner through the eyes of religion. The structure of patriarchy was upheld within churches. Churches believed that women had to subject themselves to the authority of man. The Holy Scriptures preached about a husband – wife relationship (Westerners 14). The spirituality of Puritan women was shunned throughout churches. Every aspect of a woman had to be scrutinized by men. Churches deemed women incapable of understanding or interpreting the work of the Spirit in their own souls (Westerners 20).Theologians and religion had the same views of women. Theol ogians believed that woman courted heresy and blasphemy (Westerners 25). This resulted in the intellectual weakness of women religiously. In reaction to the criticizing from churches, women came together to discuss these matters. Anne Hutchinson, the leader of these discussions, encouraged the Puritan women to voice their religious opinions (Barber 1). In the end, the courts banished her from the colony for â€Å"wrongdoing,† and women continued to follow the subservient expectations of the Church and the Puritan community.The role of women in the Puritan society was one of limited to no rights. Women were inferior and subservient to their husbands. They were considered more to be property than person. Anything they owned became the property of their husband's including them. The most important role of women in the Puritan community was that of wife and mother. Their only ability to gain social status was through successful child-rearing. Puritan women had no voice in their m arriage or their religious worship. Even in legal matters, they were treated differently than men, especially when the women's fidelity as questioned.The sentencing for Puritan women breaking the law could be severe as death. The Puritan society allowed women to fall off in most aspects, which led to their intellectual decrease in life. The life of Puritan women was very strict. There were only three areas in their life that held great importance: marriage, religion and children. Collectively and independently those three factors held great pride for Puritan women. Death was the only means of ending the continuous patriarchal cycle of their life. The women's life and soul existence was commitment to the husband and family.

Deaf Education Technology Essay - 2192 Words

Deaf Education Technology Technology has advanced our school systems and provides many new and helpful products into the classrooms. Technology has also provided specialized products for students that are hearing impaired. There is no lack of opportunities for the deaf and hard of hearing in the school system. There are many ways to innovate the way they learn. Children learn best through a visual mode. Providing an environment where the child can learn things through the use of their sense of vision is very important. They teach students to think, process, organize, and prioritize new information. It is also said that visual diagrams expose patterns interdependencies, interrelationships, and stimulate creative thinking.†¦show more content†¦Which is sometimes difficult to provide in a classroom full of students. A company named SignTel, Inc. has developed a program called the Signtel Interpreter. It is the most advanced communications tool that enables direct communication between hearing an d deaf persons. It recognizes over 30,000 words and phrases. This is a powerful translation tool from text or speech to sign language. It can be used on most laptops or desktop computers. This program enables viewing on the screen, seamless signing in real-time, translated from text or captured voice. A teacher can now use this program in the classroom to make learning experiences less complicating. A second program that uses Voice-to-text technologies is the icommunicator. This system allows voice-to-text-to-sign language access using video clips. The current versions available do not hold various meaning words or idioms. They are currently developing a new version that will deal with the language issues. The last Voice to text technology that I researched was the Personal Communicator. It developed from 1994-1996 and was funded in part by a grant three year grant from the U.S. Department of Education. This program won Discover Magazines Software Innovation of the Year Award in 1995. Originally this software was created using HyperCard. As digital video and compression technology improved, they were able to rerecord the ASL signs, expanding to beyond 2500 signs. They addedShow MoreRelatedDeaf : A Cultural Identity849 Words   |  4 PagesDeaf Population There are approximately 35 million people with a range of hearing loss in the United States (Hamill Stein, 2001). Roughly half a million deaf people don’t consider their deafness as a disability or medical disorder. They view their deafness from a cultural perspective. They consider themselves a pride in being deaf. Deaf culture has its own social norms, views, values and historical figures and more on identity formation (Hamill Stein, 2001). With a capital â€Å"D’, this is consideredRead MoreEmergency Services for the Deaf1373 Words   |  6 Pagesfor those who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. In the United States, there is an estimated 36 million adults who report some degree of hearing loss and 2-3 of every 1,000 children is Hard of Hearing or Deaf (National Institute). When an emergency situation arises, all too often these populations of people are the last to find out because it is not accessible to them; having up-to-date information is crucial when it comes to all different emergency situation. With advancing technology, there is hope thatRead MoreHearing Loss Association Of America1358 Words   |  6 Pagesnoise and aging. Buildup in the air, injury, ear infection, rupture eardrum are other causes as well. For children who suffer from hearing loss, most are born with it. Today, in the United States, every two-thirds of every one thousand children are deaf or hard of hearing (Hearing Loss Association of America). This causes their everyday lives to be shaped much differently than normal children. They may have cochlear implants to help them hear. In fact, â€Å"In the United States, more than 25,000 childrenRead MoreDeaf Blindness1452 Words   |  6 PagesDeaf Blindness Most people assume that a deaf blind child is someone who is not able to hear or see. â€Å"Our countrys special educational law defines deaf-blindness as the combination of the visual and hearing impairment† (â€Å"Deaf Blindness†). These two impairments make the person lose his or her　communication skills, developmental and educational needs. The National Consortium on Deaf-Blindness observes that the key feature of deaf-blindness is that the combination of losses limits access toRead MoreAmerican Sign Language Is Not A Universal Language1287 Words   |  6 Pageswho lack these kinds of ability, unfortunately. Unlike us, this group of people use sign language to communicate with others. For everyday life, deaf people use sign language to communicate with one another. It is a complete language that involves hand movement added with facial expression and body movements. According to National Associates of the Deaf (NAD), â€Å"American Sign Language (ASL) is a visual language. Through signing, the brain processes linguistic information through the eyes. The shapeRead MoreA Journey Into The Deaf World Essay985 Words   |  4 Pagesbook â€Å"A Journey into the Deaf-World†, by Harlan Lane, Robert Hoffmeister, and Ben Bahan, is about the different people who are considered deaf: hard-of-hearing, deaf, and CODA. People who are hard-of-hearing are people who don t hear well; people who are deaf lack the power of hearing since birth; you can be born hearing and throughout time lose some or all of your hearing sense. People who are CODA (children of deaf adults) are often signing because their parents are deaf and CODA’s often are helpfulRead More Teachers Options Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Options There are many options open to teachers of deaf children in a variety of situations. In teaching deaf and hard of hearing children there is such a wide range of children, each with their own abilities. Each child also has a different family situation to take into account. Some children come from deaf families, some they are the only deaf family member, and some have no support from their families because they are deaf. There are also students that have family members that makeRead MoreAmericans With Disabilities Education Act Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagesbiggest deaf laws is IDEA, but there are many others including, The Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Without these laws the deaf community wouldn’t grow and have become what it is today. These acts have been in place for years and help indulge the deaf in their magnificent world. The IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) act is a law that ensures that students who are hard of hearing or deaf receive a suitable education. ThisRead MoreStudents Who Are Deaf Or Hard Of Hearing With Autism?1341 Words   |  6 Pagesare Deaf or Hard of Hearing with Autism Spectrum Introduction There is little research done about children who are deaf or hard of hearing that coincides with autism spectrum disorder. Deaf children with autism are rare, but we do not hear very much about them even though deaf children carry an autism diagnosis (1-59) than in the general population (1-91) (Szymanski, 2012). Teachers who are certified in special education often see students with autism, however, when a student who is deaf withRead MoreDeaf : Deaf And Deaf886 Words   |  4 Pages(2010) defines Deaf Studies as â€Å"interdisciplinary approaches to the exploration of Deaf individuals, communities, and cultures as they have evolved within a larger context of power and ideology† (p. 210). In other words, Deaf Studies refer to a specific academic field that studies deaf individuals and their unique communities and culture and may include constructs from anthropology, linguistics, bilingual education, disability, audiology, etc. Within the context of Deaf Studies, deaf indi viduals are